Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Failure to Comply with the Fifth Amendment Taking Requirement

On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln declared all slaves in the Confederate States to be free through his Emancipation Proclamation. It was a significant step toward the national abolition of slavery—it was neither the first nor the last step. It also violated the Fifth Amendment’s just compensation requirement. Following the Civil War, the Supreme Court attempted to rectify this constitutional crisis by ruling that the Constitution did not apply to the states in rebellion during the war. Following the War, the Thirteenth Amendment formally made slavery unconstitutional throughout the United States. Had the Emancipation Proclamation applied to the northern states, it would have constituted a Fifth Amendment taking. However, it was not a taking because it only applied to the southern states which did not receive Constitutional protection, according to the Court in Texas v. White. Section II will show the Constitutional basis for a governmental taking; Section III will examine the value that slavery represented to the Confederacy and the South’s economic motivation for perpetuating slavery. Section IV will analyze the Supreme Court’s removal of Constitutional protections for the Confederacy in its Texas v. White decision. Section V will reconcile the Emancipation Proclamation, the White decision, and the Thirteenth Amendment in this context

Vision Algorithm for the Solar Aspect System of the HEROES Mission

This work covers the design and test of a machine vision algorithm for generating high-accuracy pitch and yaw pointing solutions relative to the sun for the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) mission. It describes how images were constructed by focusing an image of the sun onto a plate printed with a pattern of small fiducial markers. Images of this plate were processed in real time to determine relative position of the balloon payload to the sun. The algorithm is broken into four problems: circle detection, fiducial detection, fiducial identification, and image registration. Circle detection is handled by an "Average Intersection" method, fiducial detection by a matched filter approach, identification with an ad-hoc method based on the spacing between fiducials, and image registration with a simple least squares fit. Performance is verified on a combination of artificially generated images, test data recorded on the ground, and images from the 2013 fligh

The North American Gamble: An Examination of Nation-State Projects in Canada and the United States

This paper is a book review of James Laxer’s Staking Claims to a Continent: John A. Macdonald, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, and the Making of North America. It will summarize Laxer’s narrative on the course of North American nation-state projects. Laxer defines nation-state projects as ventures where leading elements in a nation, which exist within the framework of a larger state, launch a political campaign for secession and subsequent sovereignty. This paper will first examine the nation-state project in the Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. Second, it will examine the nation-state project in the United States of America under Abraham Lincoln. And lastly, it will examine the nation-state project in British North America under John A. Macdonald

The Effects Promotional Incentives Have On College Basketball Attendance In Power Five Conferences

The purpose of this study was to explore promotional incentives effects on attendance at men and women college basketball games in Power Five conferences during the 2015-16 season. The sub-objective was to explore the data to determine if distinct market segments emerged based on the promotional strategies measured as part of the study. The study variables are based on recommendations and suggestions from completed research exploring similar phenomenon among MLB teams (Boyd & Krehbiel, 2003, Boyd & Krehbiel 2006, Browning & Debolt, 2007, Howell, Klenosky, McEvoy, 2015). There were 20 men and 20 women teams from Power Five conference with a total of 641 games played by these 40 teams; 335 men games and 306 women games, respectfully. A multiple linear regression was applied using attendance as the dependent variable. Attendance was defined as the percentage of venue capacity filled for each game. Results revealed that several promotional strategies at women games significantly (p \u3c .05) increased attendance. Significant women strategies included: giveaways under $5, t-shirt giveaways, and group discount. There were no significant promotional strategies that increased attendance for men games. There were two strategies that predicted lower attendance; giveaways under$5, and ticket discounts. Women results found significant predictors that increased attendance in covariate predictors; conference games, and home team winning percentage. Several covariate factors increased attendance at men games; conference games and weekend games. One covariate for women and one covariate for men had a negative effect on attendance. A Hierarchal Cluster Analysis revealed a three group cluster and four group cluster for women and men, respectively. Results suggest that collegiate marketing directors develop non-conference and weekday game promotions at men games, and spend more money on inexpensive promotions at women games. Promotions at women games should focus on identifying giveaways under $5 during conference games to maximize these findings. Conversely, men games should not spend money on promotions if the intent is to increase attendance. Future studies should focus on delineating promotion categories, exploring college basketball outside the Power Five conferences, and applying this study’s methodology to explore other collegiate sports

Football and Federal Elections: Real World Statistics in Action

Cramer and Jackson (2006, 2007) report a sizable association between the home game winner of the most recent Washington Redskins professional football game and the presidential election outcome. With only two exceptions, the events were perfectly linked since the 1936 inception of the football franchise. This paper offers an update to those results, now incorporating the 2008, 2012, and 2016 election results. This paper will offer instructors a useful vehicle to understanding correlations, to further show that correlation is not causation, but more importantly to illustrate that robust phenomena in the world may have no underlying cause. Furthermore, we believe that the relation between these two events represents a shortcoming in post-hoc reasoning, by trying to explain events after they have been observed

Unsteady Crack Motion and Branching in a Phase-Field Model of Brittle Fracture

Crack propagation is studied numerically using a continuum phase-field approach to mode III brittle fracture. The results shed light on the physics that controls the speed of accelerating cracks and the characteristic branching instability at a fraction of the wave speed.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Complex THz and DC inverse spin Hall effect in YIG/Cu1−x_{1-x}Irx_{x} bilayers across a wide concentration range

We measure the inverse spin Hall effect of Cu$_{1-x}$Ir$_{x}$ thin films on yttrium iron garnet over a wide range of Ir concentrations ($0.05 \leqslant x \leqslant 0.7$). Spin currents are triggered through the spin Seebeck effect, either by a DC temperature gradient or by ultrafast optical heating of the metal layer. The spin Hall current is detected by, respectively, electrical contacts or measurement of the emitted THz radiation. With both approaches, we reveal the same Ir concentration dependence that follows a novel complex, non-monotonous behavior as compared to previous studies. For small Ir concentrations a signal minimum is observed, while a pronounced maximum appears near the equiatomic composition. We identify this behavior as originating from the interplay of different spin Hall mechanisms as well as a concentration-dependent variation of the integrated spin current density in Cu$_{1-x}$Ir$_{x}$. The coinciding results obtained for DC and ultrafast stimuli show that the studied material allows for efficient spin-to-charge conversion even on ultrafast timescales, thus enabling a transfer of established spintronic measurement schemes into the terahertz regime.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Liquid AP-UV-MALDI enables stable ion yields of multiply charged peptide and protein ions for sensitive analysis by mass spectrometry

In biological mass spectrometry (MS), two ionization techniques are predominantly employed for the analysis of larger biomolecules, such as polypeptides. These are nano-electrospray ionization [1, 2] (nanoESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization [3, 4] (MALDI). Both techniques are considered to be “soft”, allowing the desorption and ionization of intact molecular analyte species and thus their successful mass-spectrometric analysis. One of the main differences between these two ionization techniques lies in their ability to produce multiply charged ions. MALDI typically generates singly charged peptide ions whereas nanoESI easily provides multiply charged ions, even for peptides as low as 1000 Da in mass. The production of highly charged ions is desirable as this allows the use of mass analyzers, such as ion traps (including orbitraps) and hybrid quadrupole instruments, which typically offer only a limited m/z range (< 2000–4000). It also enables more informative fragmentation spectra using techniques such as collisioninduced dissociation (CID) and electron capture/transfer dissociation (ECD/ETD) in combination with tandem MS (MS/MS). [5, 6] Thus, there is a clear advantage of using ESI in research areas where peptide sequencing, or in general, the structural elucidation of biomolecules by MS/MS is required. Nonetheless, MALDI with its higher tolerance to contaminants and additives, ease-of-operation, potential for highspeed and automated sample preparation and analysis as well as its MS imaging capabilities makes it an ionization technique that can cover bioanalytical areas for which ESI is less suitable. [7, 8] If these strengths could be combined with the analytical power of multiply charged ions, new instrumental configurations and large-scale proteomic analyses based on MALDI MS(/MS) would become feasible

Normalizing Flow-based Day-Ahead Wind Power Scenario Generation for Profitable and Reliable Delivery Commitments by Wind Farm Operators

We present a specialized scenario generation method that utilizes forecast information to generate scenarios for the particular usage in day-ahead scheduling problems. In particular, we use normalizing flows to generate wind power generation scenarios by sampling from a conditional distribution that uses day-ahead wind speed forecasts to tailor the scenarios to the specific day. We apply the generated scenarios in a simple stochastic day-ahead bidding problem of a wind electricity producer and run a statistical analysis focusing on whether the scenarios yield profitable and reliable decisions. Compared to conditional scenarios generated from Gaussian copulas and Wasserstein-generative adversarial networks, the normalizing flow scenarios identify the daily trends more accurately and with a lower spread while maintaining a diverse variety. In the stochastic day-ahead bidding problem, the conditional scenarios from all methods lead to significantly more profitable and reliable results compared to an unconditional selection of historical scenarios. The obtained profits using the normalizing flow scenarios are consistently closest to the perfect foresight solution, in particular, for small sets of only five scenarios.Comment: manuscript (17 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables), supporting information (2 pages, 1 figure, 1 table

Vision Algorithm for the Solar Aspect System of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun Mission

This work covers the design and test of a machine vision algorithm for generating high- accuracy pitch and yaw pointing solutions relative to the sun on a high altitude balloon. It describes how images were constructed by focusing an image of the sun onto a plate printed with a pattern of small cross-shaped fiducial markers. Images of this plate taken with an off-the-shelf camera were processed to determine relative position of the balloon payload to the sun. The algorithm is broken into four problems: circle detection, fiducial detection, fiducial identification, and image registration. Circle detection is handled by an "Average Intersection" method, fiducial detection by a matched filter approach, and identification with an ad-hoc method based on the spacing between fiducials. Performance is verified on real test data where possible, but otherwise uses artificially generated data. Pointing knowledge is ultimately verified to meet the 20 arcsecond requirement